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PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN GOVERNANCE: THE ROLE OF THINK TANKS OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL PERSPECTIVE
meterialamy analytical report for the department of development strategies of the political system
(J. Kaplan)
I. Non-government think tanks as "intellectual intermediary between the government and society
Democratic political "system of Ukraine requires the expansion of conscious and competent public participation in this process. In the implementation of this task a special role to play in such institutions of civil society non-governmental think tanks.
Non-government think tanks (National) - a public research organization that conducts research mainly in areas such as legal, political, social, economic and others. Among areas of specialty related to the problems of public participation in government, should be singled out three key:
1) collaboration with state and local authorities to develop management decisions in accordance with the limits of competence of these bodies;
2) raising awareness of their rights and freedoms, pressing problems of socio-political development and the promotion of mechanisms for public participation;
3) cooperation between themselves in order to coordinate national activities of their own.
The major functions performed in the National Democratic countries, it should be noted: the formation of public opinion on development priorities of different spheres of social life (socio-economic, political, cultural etc.), providing consulting and information services to the population, protection of constitutional rights, articulation of interests and needs. Thus, in democratic countries NATIONS actively participate in the development and realization of state policy, act as a "smart bridge" between government and society "[1].
In developed countries, cooperation and national authorities are often under state order these or other services. This provides an effective relationship with the public authorities as a whole and with individual citizens' associations, depending on the scale of specific policy objective. The main advantages of state power in democracies government contracts NGOs is, first, providing information to citizens on key areas of public policy and socio-political issues in general and their involvement in decision these issues, and secondly, - the creation of additional mechanisms of legitimation of important social and political decisions in society. The latter, in turn, enhances trust in the initiatives and activities of state bodies, local authorities and civil society itself.
Development different forms of cooperation of public authorities with civil society in general and non-governmental think tanks in particular is quite responsible and EU integration course of Ukraine. It should be emphasized that as part of the "Eastern Partnership" European Commission identified one of the important priorities of partnership development cooperation NGOs EU member countries and partner countries. For this planned annual "Forum of Civil Society (FHS) in one of the members or partners of the EU. One of the main objectives of the determined to maintain dialogue between the public, civil society and government. Particular attention is given to increase role of NGOs in the formulation and implementation of tactical and strategic objectives of public policy. First Civil Society Forum Eastern Partnership was held in Brussels on 16-17 November 2009 the European Commission recommends that before each of the respective national FHS Forums in member countries of the Eastern Partnership.
II. Activities of independent analytical centers of Ukraine to engage citizens in public administration
Analysis of National of Ukraine as a whole and on specific aspects of her complicated by the absence in Ukraine of a special register of non-analytical centers. Accordingly, accurate information on the number and structural features of national public absent. Some data about them and their activities can be based on analysis of official information on the number of NGOs in various areas of social and political life, which is found on the website of the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine within the overall Unified State Register of enterprises and organizations of Ukraine. A partial list of NGOs та їхні вихідні дані є на веб-сайті Міністерства юстиції України. Слід зауважити, що за даними Мін’юсту значний відсоток НАЦ в Україні зареєстровано як благодійні funds, because of the inadequacy of the tax policy on funding of NGOs in general. A significant amount of information on National activities found on the Internet portal network of think tanks Ukraine.
Among the most famous independent analytical centers nationwide level can be called in Ukraine: Ukrainian Center for Economic and Political Studies Razumkov (Razumkov center), the Committee of Voters of Ukraine (ECU), Laboratory for Legislative Initiatives, Ukrainian Center for Independent Political Research (UCIPR), International Centre for Policy Studies (ICPS), Center for Political and Legal Reform, Civil Society, Foundation for Democratic Initiatives, School of Political Analysis at the National University Kyiv Mohyla Academy (SHPA at NaUKMA), Kyiv Institute of Management Issues Gorshenin more. Among the regional specialty in analytical note examined four particular, Kiev Centre for Social Research (Dnepropetrovsk), Carpathian Polling Research Center (Uzhgorod), Turkey Association of Community Initiatives, the Foundation for Local Democracy in Kharkiv. These specialty
selected the following basic criteria: long-term operation; of regular information and analytical research on current issues of social and political development; visible presence in the information space (national or regional) political impartiality; active information policy. National
above is separate activities for public participation in social and political life. The main areas of activity are: Public Opinion Research, Knowledge of citizens, development of local communities and local authorities, cooperation between NGOs etc..
Providing information and consulting services to the population in different areas of public life exercise almost all considered think tanks, including the International Centre for Policy Studies (ICPS), founded in 1994 by the Open Society Institute. Its activity is aimed at "creating procedures for substantive dialogue between the legislative and executive authorities and the public "[2]. ICPS implemented several important large-scale projects to raise awareness and public participation in solving social and political issues, such as: "Developing the capacity of regional NGOs policy analysis at the local level, methodological, and educational support for regional NGOs to prepare lobbying. Of particular note two major projects that were carried out during the 1999-2007 biennium - is the People's Voice and Voice - 2. The first stage lasted from 1999 to 2002 took part in it communities of four cities of Ukraine: Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, and Chugueva Kupyans'ka. The main purpose of the "Voice" was the introduction of mechanisms and procedures for involving the public in an effective, responsible and open government. The main objectives of the project was to increase the efficiency of interaction between government and communities to improve the quality of governance in these cities. To implement this task has done several events, including the maintenance of local public organizations, conducting public awareness campaigns, maintenance centers for the provision of services.
second stage, namely the People's Voice - 2 ", was carried out during 2004-2007 in six cities in Ukraine: Alchevsk, Coloma, Komsomolsk, Lutsk, Makiyivka and Chernigov. During the concert, among other tasks implemented programs for providing support to local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to actively involve the public in political life. The basic mechanisms and means of implementation of this task was the creation advisory capacity to the local government, public opinion survey and public hearings.
constant attention to participation public administration of state and local affairs pays Ukrainian Center for Independent Political Research, which has existed since 1991 Among his major projects to increase public participation in government can be called "promotion of political rights and freedoms in Ukraine as a democratic requirement social development. "
Civil Society Institute has completed projects such as: "Land and Law" (September 1, 2004 - September 1, 2005, carried out in Vinnitsa and Khmelnytsky oblasts), aims to improve access to legal mechanisms for implementation and protection of their rights to land and property received in the process of privatization of property and sharing of agricultural enterprises, "the reform: from simulation to implementation" (November 1 2008 - October 30, 2009, the project was carried out in Vinnitsa, Sumy, Ternopil, Kherson regions together with the International Renaissance Foundation, Foundation East Europe and the Swiss-Ukrainian project "Support to decentralization in Ukraine), whose goal was to involve citizens and independent experts in planning and implementation of administrative reform in Ukraine. Another project of this NGO continues - Civic Initiative for the protection of economic and social rights of citizens "(March 2009 - March 2011). The main goal is to promote the protection of economic and social rights of the rural population у сфері земельних правовідносин.
Важливим інструментом залучення громадян до управління державними та місцевими справами є інформаційне підтримання electoral rights of citizens. The greatest attention to this problem gives the Committee of Voters of Ukraine (CVU). HLC is one of the few national NGOs which has an extensive regional network consisting of regional, district and local branches. CVU provides educational activities regarding the features election laws and enforcement mechanisms voters. Relevant work carried out by means of public reception, which created on the basis of many regional branches as well as organization of information and educational campaigns as during the election period and beyond, a public hearings, meetings, workshops, seminars and more.
non-governmental think tanks, much attention is paid to the development of local Communities and Local Government. In particular, the Agency for Legislative Initiatives "carries out projects to promote local government that also include the organization of public events such as "The interaction of civil society and local government, local quality government: institutional and legal challenges, new tools to realize the potential of local government in Ukraine ".
Ukrainian national pay considerable attention to problems of developed civil society. In particular, there are many projects on the maintenance of public organizations and ensuring effective cooperation between them. In this context it should be noted Razumkov center, which, inter alia, be implemented and carried out such programs as: "Development of regional think tanks", "Revitalization of Civil Society for the choice in favor of democracy in 2004, NGOs Think tanks in Ukraine: supply and demand. " In a generalization of the results above UCEPS the project "Non-analytical Centers in Ukraine: opportunities, challenges and prospects ", which materials are placed in the" National Security and Defense of Ukraine "№ 6, 2007
III. Activity regional non-governmental think tanks to engage citizens in public administration
analysis of regional non-governmental think tanks greatly complicated the weakness of their information resources. Among the few regional organizations consistently in the information field of Ukraine, include the following:
1) Dniprovskyi Centre for Social Research, the main areas of research are: monitoring of local government and self-analysis activities of political parties and NGOs, especially interaction between the authorities and the public, the study of regional public opinion.
2) Carpathian Polling Research Center analyzes the socio-economic processes in Transcarpathia and socio-political orientations of different population groups in the region.
3) Turkey Association "Civic Initiatives" carries out human rights activities, paying attention to the development of effective community initiatives and local government, control of government at all levels, promotion of democratic electoral system and an effective public dialogue. In particular, carried out various community support initiatives, explanation of the current legislation to protect the rights and freedoms.
4) Foundation for Local Democracy in Kharkiv has the following basic programs: Political, economic, legal research. Among the key activities of the fund should note guidelines for local authorities to consideration of public interests during the adoption of social policy, promotion of interaction between authorities and NGOs implementing practice of public participation in decision-making authorities. Partners Foundation for Local Democracy is the Foundation for Local Self-Governance of Ukraine, Institute of Local Democracy, Center Razumkov Ukrainian Independent Center for Economic Research, Laboratory for Legislative Initiatives Foundation Open Society "Foundation" European Dialogue ".
IV. Association of Independent think tanks
In some examples of maintenance and development National civil society, attempts are made on the creation of a single national association of NGOs. Yes in 2007, representatives of NGOs funded by the International Charitable Foundation "Renaissance" initiative was implemented forming a collective body that would facilitate the establishment of communication between civil society in Ukraine to form and expression of common positions on important social and political problems. It was founded by Ukraine Civic Assembly (GAU), whose mission at national and regional platforms for public discussion and consolidation of representatives of public associations on ways to address strategic problems of Ukrainian society. Today GAU is the largest network in Ukraine NGO, which unites about 400 members.
Since the establishment GAU held three assembly, each of which involved some 300 NGOs. During the third Assembly "civil action society in a state of crisis "that was held 29/03/2009, spoke about the need and possible mechanisms and means of enhancing the participation of citizens in making social and political decisions. During 2007-2009, except for the three National Assemblies, a series of regional meetings.
should note another union of Ukrainian National - established in 2006 "NGO Coalition for an effective constitutional reform", which included representatives UCIPR, CVU, Center for Political and Legal reforms, the School of Political Analysis at Kyiv Mohyla Academy. In 2007, the above association has prepared a "Green Paper on the Ukrainian constitutional reform", which contains proposals on key principles for reform of their view of the Constitution of Ukraine.
in 2007 to implement constitutional reforms have been effective established constitutional Civic Committee, whose members are experts of Ukrainian National: CVU UCIPR, Civil Society Institute, Agency for Legislative Initiatives, by SHPA Thank the Center for Political and Legal Reforms, etc..
Conclusions
1. In Ukraine there is a tendency for active development of independent think tanks to intensify their activities to ensure public participation in public affairs. You can state increase their professionalism, strengthen their influence on public opinion, increasing the efficiency of interaction with national authorities state and local governments (the gradual improvement of the legal framework, expanding forms of cooperation), increasing the range of socio-political issues investigated Nations.
2. The problem in national development of Ukraine is a significant spike in their regional network: the most concentrated in the national capital region. Accordingly, most specialty devotes its activities to study the socio-political problems of national scope. Activities of Regional National focused largely on issues of local character. You can talk about increasing the participation of regional specialty to solve local social and political and socio-economic issues, as evidenced by active participation of their representatives in the advisory capacity to the local government, examples of collaboration with other national, participate in the operation of the Civic Assembly, numerous publications in the media and others.
3. In domestic activities National trend to strengthen mutual coordination of their activities, collaboration with other NGOs, relevant institutionalization these processes. Catalyst that began the constitutional changes of 2004 and public discussion on further improvement of the Constitution of Ukraine.
4. The main problems in the Ukrainian national on public participation in government are the following:
- Absence of public orders non-think tanks on the development of conceptual and policy framework in various spheres of public life, draft legal acts of informing the public, surveys of citizens, etc.;
- the limited scope of projects undertaken;
- lack of broad regional National networks;
- high degree of dependence on Ukrainian national financial and logistical support of international organizations.
meterialamy analytical report for the department of development strategies of the political system
(J. Kaplan)
I. Non-government think tanks as "intellectual intermediary between the government and society
Democratic political "system of Ukraine requires the expansion of conscious and competent public participation in this process. In the implementation of this task a special role to play in such institutions of civil society non-governmental think tanks.
Non-government think tanks (National) - a public research organization that conducts research mainly in areas such as legal, political, social, economic and others. Among areas of specialty related to the problems of public participation in government, should be singled out three key:
1) collaboration with state and local authorities to develop management decisions in accordance with the limits of competence of these bodies;
2) raising awareness of their rights and freedoms, pressing problems of socio-political development and the promotion of mechanisms for public participation;
3) cooperation between themselves in order to coordinate national activities of their own.
The major functions performed in the National Democratic countries, it should be noted: the formation of public opinion on development priorities of different spheres of social life (socio-economic, political, cultural etc.), providing consulting and information services to the population, protection of constitutional rights, articulation of interests and needs. Thus, in democratic countries NATIONS actively participate in the development and realization of state policy, act as a "smart bridge" between government and society "[1].
In developed countries, cooperation and national authorities are often under state order these or other services. This provides an effective relationship with the public authorities as a whole and with individual citizens' associations, depending on the scale of specific policy objective. The main advantages of state power in democracies government contracts NGOs is, first, providing information to citizens on key areas of public policy and socio-political issues in general and their involvement in decision these issues, and secondly, - the creation of additional mechanisms of legitimation of important social and political decisions in society. The latter, in turn, enhances trust in the initiatives and activities of state bodies, local authorities and civil society itself.
Development different forms of cooperation of public authorities with civil society in general and non-governmental think tanks in particular is quite responsible and EU integration course of Ukraine. It should be emphasized that as part of the "Eastern Partnership" European Commission identified one of the important priorities of partnership development cooperation NGOs EU member countries and partner countries. For this planned annual "Forum of Civil Society (FHS) in one of the members or partners of the EU. One of the main objectives of the determined to maintain dialogue between the public, civil society and government. Particular attention is given to increase role of NGOs in the formulation and implementation of tactical and strategic objectives of public policy. First Civil Society Forum Eastern Partnership was held in Brussels on 16-17 November 2009 the European Commission recommends that before each of the respective national FHS Forums in member countries of the Eastern Partnership.
II. Activities of independent analytical centers of Ukraine to engage citizens in public administration
Analysis of National of Ukraine as a whole and on specific aspects of her complicated by the absence in Ukraine of a special register of non-analytical centers. Accordingly, accurate information on the number and structural features of national public absent. Some data about them and their activities can be based on analysis of official information on the number of NGOs in various areas of social and political life, which is found on the website of the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine within the overall Unified State Register of enterprises and organizations of Ukraine. A partial list of NGOs та їхні вихідні дані є на веб-сайті Міністерства юстиції України. Слід зауважити, що за даними Мін’юсту значний відсоток НАЦ в Україні зареєстровано як благодійні funds, because of the inadequacy of the tax policy on funding of NGOs in general. A significant amount of information on National activities found on the Internet portal network of think tanks Ukraine.
Among the most famous independent analytical centers nationwide level can be called in Ukraine: Ukrainian Center for Economic and Political Studies Razumkov (Razumkov center), the Committee of Voters of Ukraine (ECU), Laboratory for Legislative Initiatives, Ukrainian Center for Independent Political Research (UCIPR), International Centre for Policy Studies (ICPS), Center for Political and Legal Reform, Civil Society, Foundation for Democratic Initiatives, School of Political Analysis at the National University Kyiv Mohyla Academy (SHPA at NaUKMA), Kyiv Institute of Management Issues Gorshenin more. Among the regional specialty in analytical note examined four particular, Kiev Centre for Social Research (Dnepropetrovsk), Carpathian Polling Research Center (Uzhgorod), Turkey Association of Community Initiatives, the Foundation for Local Democracy in Kharkiv. These specialty
selected the following basic criteria: long-term operation; of regular information and analytical research on current issues of social and political development; visible presence in the information space (national or regional) political impartiality; active information policy. National
above is separate activities for public participation in social and political life. The main areas of activity are: Public Opinion Research, Knowledge of citizens, development of local communities and local authorities, cooperation between NGOs etc..
Providing information and consulting services to the population in different areas of public life exercise almost all considered think tanks, including the International Centre for Policy Studies (ICPS), founded in 1994 by the Open Society Institute. Its activity is aimed at "creating procedures for substantive dialogue between the legislative and executive authorities and the public "[2]. ICPS implemented several important large-scale projects to raise awareness and public participation in solving social and political issues, such as: "Developing the capacity of regional NGOs policy analysis at the local level, methodological, and educational support for regional NGOs to prepare lobbying. Of particular note two major projects that were carried out during the 1999-2007 biennium - is the People's Voice and Voice - 2. The first stage lasted from 1999 to 2002 took part in it communities of four cities of Ukraine: Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, and Chugueva Kupyans'ka. The main purpose of the "Voice" was the introduction of mechanisms and procedures for involving the public in an effective, responsible and open government. The main objectives of the project was to increase the efficiency of interaction between government and communities to improve the quality of governance in these cities. To implement this task has done several events, including the maintenance of local public organizations, conducting public awareness campaigns, maintenance centers for the provision of services.
second stage, namely the People's Voice - 2 ", was carried out during 2004-2007 in six cities in Ukraine: Alchevsk, Coloma, Komsomolsk, Lutsk, Makiyivka and Chernigov. During the concert, among other tasks implemented programs for providing support to local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to actively involve the public in political life. The basic mechanisms and means of implementation of this task was the creation advisory capacity to the local government, public opinion survey and public hearings.
constant attention to participation public administration of state and local affairs pays Ukrainian Center for Independent Political Research, which has existed since 1991 Among his major projects to increase public participation in government can be called "promotion of political rights and freedoms in Ukraine as a democratic requirement social development. "
Civil Society Institute has completed projects such as: "Land and Law" (September 1, 2004 - September 1, 2005, carried out in Vinnitsa and Khmelnytsky oblasts), aims to improve access to legal mechanisms for implementation and protection of their rights to land and property received in the process of privatization of property and sharing of agricultural enterprises, "the reform: from simulation to implementation" (November 1 2008 - October 30, 2009, the project was carried out in Vinnitsa, Sumy, Ternopil, Kherson regions together with the International Renaissance Foundation, Foundation East Europe and the Swiss-Ukrainian project "Support to decentralization in Ukraine), whose goal was to involve citizens and independent experts in planning and implementation of administrative reform in Ukraine. Another project of this NGO continues - Civic Initiative for the protection of economic and social rights of citizens "(March 2009 - March 2011). The main goal is to promote the protection of economic and social rights of the rural population у сфері земельних правовідносин.
Важливим інструментом залучення громадян до управління державними та місцевими справами є інформаційне підтримання electoral rights of citizens. The greatest attention to this problem gives the Committee of Voters of Ukraine (CVU). HLC is one of the few national NGOs which has an extensive regional network consisting of regional, district and local branches. CVU provides educational activities regarding the features election laws and enforcement mechanisms voters. Relevant work carried out by means of public reception, which created on the basis of many regional branches as well as organization of information and educational campaigns as during the election period and beyond, a public hearings, meetings, workshops, seminars and more.
non-governmental think tanks, much attention is paid to the development of local Communities and Local Government. In particular, the Agency for Legislative Initiatives "carries out projects to promote local government that also include the organization of public events such as "The interaction of civil society and local government, local quality government: institutional and legal challenges, new tools to realize the potential of local government in Ukraine ".
Ukrainian national pay considerable attention to problems of developed civil society. In particular, there are many projects on the maintenance of public organizations and ensuring effective cooperation between them. In this context it should be noted Razumkov center, which, inter alia, be implemented and carried out such programs as: "Development of regional think tanks", "Revitalization of Civil Society for the choice in favor of democracy in 2004, NGOs Think tanks in Ukraine: supply and demand. " In a generalization of the results above UCEPS the project "Non-analytical Centers in Ukraine: opportunities, challenges and prospects ", which materials are placed in the" National Security and Defense of Ukraine "№ 6, 2007
III. Activity regional non-governmental think tanks to engage citizens in public administration
analysis of regional non-governmental think tanks greatly complicated the weakness of their information resources. Among the few regional organizations consistently in the information field of Ukraine, include the following:
1) Dniprovskyi Centre for Social Research, the main areas of research are: monitoring of local government and self-analysis activities of political parties and NGOs, especially interaction between the authorities and the public, the study of regional public opinion.
2) Carpathian Polling Research Center analyzes the socio-economic processes in Transcarpathia and socio-political orientations of different population groups in the region.
3) Turkey Association "Civic Initiatives" carries out human rights activities, paying attention to the development of effective community initiatives and local government, control of government at all levels, promotion of democratic electoral system and an effective public dialogue. In particular, carried out various community support initiatives, explanation of the current legislation to protect the rights and freedoms.
4) Foundation for Local Democracy in Kharkiv has the following basic programs: Political, economic, legal research. Among the key activities of the fund should note guidelines for local authorities to consideration of public interests during the adoption of social policy, promotion of interaction between authorities and NGOs implementing practice of public participation in decision-making authorities. Partners Foundation for Local Democracy is the Foundation for Local Self-Governance of Ukraine, Institute of Local Democracy, Center Razumkov Ukrainian Independent Center for Economic Research, Laboratory for Legislative Initiatives Foundation Open Society "Foundation" European Dialogue ".
IV. Association of Independent think tanks
In some examples of maintenance and development National civil society, attempts are made on the creation of a single national association of NGOs. Yes in 2007, representatives of NGOs funded by the International Charitable Foundation "Renaissance" initiative was implemented forming a collective body that would facilitate the establishment of communication between civil society in Ukraine to form and expression of common positions on important social and political problems. It was founded by Ukraine Civic Assembly (GAU), whose mission at national and regional platforms for public discussion and consolidation of representatives of public associations on ways to address strategic problems of Ukrainian society. Today GAU is the largest network in Ukraine NGO, which unites about 400 members.
Since the establishment GAU held three assembly, each of which involved some 300 NGOs. During the third Assembly "civil action society in a state of crisis "that was held 29/03/2009, spoke about the need and possible mechanisms and means of enhancing the participation of citizens in making social and political decisions. During 2007-2009, except for the three National Assemblies, a series of regional meetings.
should note another union of Ukrainian National - established in 2006 "NGO Coalition for an effective constitutional reform", which included representatives UCIPR, CVU, Center for Political and Legal reforms, the School of Political Analysis at Kyiv Mohyla Academy. In 2007, the above association has prepared a "Green Paper on the Ukrainian constitutional reform", which contains proposals on key principles for reform of their view of the Constitution of Ukraine.
in 2007 to implement constitutional reforms have been effective established constitutional Civic Committee, whose members are experts of Ukrainian National: CVU UCIPR, Civil Society Institute, Agency for Legislative Initiatives, by SHPA Thank the Center for Political and Legal Reforms, etc..
Conclusions
1. In Ukraine there is a tendency for active development of independent think tanks to intensify their activities to ensure public participation in public affairs. You can state increase their professionalism, strengthen their influence on public opinion, increasing the efficiency of interaction with national authorities state and local governments (the gradual improvement of the legal framework, expanding forms of cooperation), increasing the range of socio-political issues investigated Nations.
2. The problem in national development of Ukraine is a significant spike in their regional network: the most concentrated in the national capital region. Accordingly, most specialty devotes its activities to study the socio-political problems of national scope. Activities of Regional National focused largely on issues of local character. You can talk about increasing the participation of regional specialty to solve local social and political and socio-economic issues, as evidenced by active participation of their representatives in the advisory capacity to the local government, examples of collaboration with other national, participate in the operation of the Civic Assembly, numerous publications in the media and others.
3. In domestic activities National trend to strengthen mutual coordination of their activities, collaboration with other NGOs, relevant institutionalization these processes. Catalyst that began the constitutional changes of 2004 and public discussion on further improvement of the Constitution of Ukraine.
4. The main problems in the Ukrainian national on public participation in government are the following:
- Absence of public orders non-think tanks on the development of conceptual and policy framework in various spheres of public life, draft legal acts of informing the public, surveys of citizens, etc.;
- the limited scope of projects undertaken;
- lack of broad regional National networks;
- high degree of dependence on Ukrainian national financial and logistical support of international organizations.
Easy Way To Make 5000 Gold
reforming the electoral system UKRAINE: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AFTERWORD
analytical materials Note the regional branch of the NISS in Kharkov
(O. Krysenko, U. Movchan, I. Rabotyagov)
current system of selecting the president - direct national elections - Means getting him a strong mandate (except in cases similar to Ukrainian, while winner supports half geographically localized voters) and makes it potentially a strong political figure. However, because of the constitutional reform of 2004, Ukraine became a semi-republic (where popularly elected for a clearly defined term president who is vested with significant powers, coexists with the prime minister and cabinet, endowed with executive power), which feature is that the "political weight" of President in such circumstances depends largely on maintaining its legislative body power. If the president has a majority in parliament - it is a "strong" figure, and if no maintenance (which we could observe in recent years) or even a majority in opposition to the head of state, that is a situation where a popularly elected president powers like the president in a parliamentary republic, elected in parliament. In this sense, is the actual experience of France, where there have been periods of "cohabitation" (Koobitatsiyi) president and prime minister, who was anti-presidential nominee of the majority. So
threat system is semi-institutional state of "war powers" between the president and head of government. The key for the president is pro-presidential majority control (which was after the President parliamentary elections of 2007), ideally - on a constitutional majority (who was President in the first half of 2005).
According to many domestic and European researchers, the combination of semi-proportional system of the republic of "closed" lists (the only opportunity to vote for a party and not for individual candidates) in Ukraine is leading to: 1) political crisis (which are inevitable in the selection of this model), 2) dismantling of the justice system; 3) political apathy of the population. Overall use of "closed" list has the following system defects:
1) deprofesionalizatsiya staff Parliament and party organizations that result from the monopoly of the party leadership to determine the membership of the list;
2) falling public confidence in the parties and representative bodies as a result of their falling into the "money bags";
3) and no direct feedback between citizens and their representatives. Using the election
single national electoral district can not respect and protect the interests of citizens, adjusted for regional specificity. Lack of representation of the principle of representative areas destroys the function of central government, as voters in Ukraine identify themselves primarily with the region's own residence.
There is another disadvantage of the proportional electoral system with a "closed" lists, and 3% pervious barrier that is that due to the large number of parliamentary players (in Parliament at this time there are 5 political groups) after the President constitutional reform in 2004 appears quite difficult to maintain constant in parliament (which confirms the experience of Yushchenko's presidency). So, before new president face a dilemma: either he agrees to a compromise coalition (as a compromise prime minister and ministers of government), or created anti-presidential coalition. Accordingly, due to the electoral system to create such a configuration parliamentary players that would not disturb the president fulfill its election program. Achieve this is possible because (for example, as was done in Russia) increased threshold, which is especially relative to the actual blocks - it will encourage party building. Alternatively
reforming the electoral system can provide a proportional system with "open" regional lists. Implementation of the system will increase the proportional component of the Parliament, will improve the structure separation of powers, enhance the representativeness of the social political system. Regional lists geographically join voters and their representatives. At the same time they do not concentrate solely on the last territorial interests at the expense of national (as was typical of the majority electees deputies). Strengthening communication between parties and voters will create a foundation for political crisis and stabilize the party and electoral system in Ukraine.
The existing electoral system leads to the weakness of institutions for representative democracy, the low efficiency of the parliament, the existence of the structure MPs problems of regional and social imbalances of political representation. The output of such a situation may strengthen the institutions державної влади та посилення основ парламентаризму (при ефективній роботі парламенту). Світова практика показує, що найефективнішим методом зміцнення the role of parliament, raising the adopted laws, elimination of regional imbalances, fighting political corruption is a reproduction of the bicameral (Bicameral) structure. Thus, the lower house could do legislative work, and the top - to consider strategic issues. Highlights for the country decisions were made to both houses.
undoubted advantage of bicameralism is that the upper house is the deterrent to a sort of "democratic extremism "of the lower house of parliament. Due to the structure of the upper chamber postiynishiy relative to the bottom, it also provides political stability. Longer process of passing bills through the upper house ensures compliance with the constitutional foundations of society. But the most important effect introduction of bicameralism in Ukrainian practice would be the leveling of the "split" of Voters of Ukraine thanks to fuller representation of regional interests in the Upper House.
Conclusions and suggestions
election program execution is possible under conditions of affiliation of the President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovich the majority in Parliament (and therefore, the prime minister) to one political party (or coalition) with a clear position in the political and economic issues. Create a pro-coalition today is possible but only through the software or "portfolio" concessions. Accordingly, the cabinet, person and the Prime Minister found a compromise figure that narrow window of opportunity the president.
outline possible options for the president. The abolition of the constitutional reform in 2004 is unlikely, because the required constitutional majority in parliament. Early parliamentary elections Reformat parliament, under present rules of the game also does not give the president the desired result, as the need arises with the new coalition political players who get into parliament. So, again, Prime Minister may be a compromise figure. President must establish a of possible actions that would allow him to get parliament to maintain the following (or early) parliamentary elections.
Firstly - is raising the election barrier for parties that will reduce the number of parliamentary players. The new situation in parliament allows the president to get a majority in parliament and form his (or less compromise) government. This innovation also distorts centrifugal tendencies in parties and blocs.
Second - is the introduction second (upper) chamber of the parliament, which will allow the president, even blocking of the lower chamber at the top to make some laws and make budget.
Proposals for reforming the electoral system in Ukraine
1. Set differentiated electoral threshold for political parties and electoral blocks (that stimulates the party building and help create a pro-president majority). Yes, it would be to raise the threshold for political parties and 4% (as in 2002) or even 5%. Would have to raise no less than 5% threshold for electoral blocs consisting of no more than three parties to the enhancement of 1% for each additional party in the electoral unit.
2. Introduce a bicameral structure of parliament, which will strengthen the role of Parliament with a more the representative of regional representatives. Implement a majoritarian system of elections to the upper chamber. Also enter the upper chamber will reduce the number of deputies of the Verkhovna Rada. Thus, the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) would consist of 250-300 members elected for four years. The upper house (Senate) would consist of 81-96 senators (by various methods of election), elected for six years, three from each territorial unit (ARC, each region of Kyiv and Sevastopol). Apply constant practice of rotation of the upper chamber (sector rotation thirds of the Senate every 2 years), which will create the political consciousness of the political players feeling "of regular elections and will increase the political responsibility to the electorate.
3. Implement a nationwide system of regional voting lists for the lower house that stimulates party to approach to the Lists, reinforce their attention to the representation of regions and serve as the improvement of personnel policy parties on the ground.
4. Introduce preferential voting procedure ("open" party lists) with the decreased magnitude of the electoral district, that will increase the proportional component of deputies and social representativeness of the political system.
5. Introduce majoritarian system for elections to local governments, which will broaden the impact of voters in the composition of local councils, enhance communication between voters and local MPs, the reduction of the politicization of local government.
6. Take out the provisions of election laws in a separate "Code of electoral law of Ukraine ", which further minimizes interference in Ukraine's Constitution and make an independent domestic election laws state direction Creation of the Legislation.
analytical materials Note the regional branch of the NISS in Kharkov
(O. Krysenko, U. Movchan, I. Rabotyagov)
current system of selecting the president - direct national elections - Means getting him a strong mandate (except in cases similar to Ukrainian, while winner supports half geographically localized voters) and makes it potentially a strong political figure. However, because of the constitutional reform of 2004, Ukraine became a semi-republic (where popularly elected for a clearly defined term president who is vested with significant powers, coexists with the prime minister and cabinet, endowed with executive power), which feature is that the "political weight" of President in such circumstances depends largely on maintaining its legislative body power. If the president has a majority in parliament - it is a "strong" figure, and if no maintenance (which we could observe in recent years) or even a majority in opposition to the head of state, that is a situation where a popularly elected president powers like the president in a parliamentary republic, elected in parliament. In this sense, is the actual experience of France, where there have been periods of "cohabitation" (Koobitatsiyi) president and prime minister, who was anti-presidential nominee of the majority. So
threat system is semi-institutional state of "war powers" between the president and head of government. The key for the president is pro-presidential majority control (which was after the President parliamentary elections of 2007), ideally - on a constitutional majority (who was President in the first half of 2005).
According to many domestic and European researchers, the combination of semi-proportional system of the republic of "closed" lists (the only opportunity to vote for a party and not for individual candidates) in Ukraine is leading to: 1) political crisis (which are inevitable in the selection of this model), 2) dismantling of the justice system; 3) political apathy of the population. Overall use of "closed" list has the following system defects:
1) deprofesionalizatsiya staff Parliament and party organizations that result from the monopoly of the party leadership to determine the membership of the list;
2) falling public confidence in the parties and representative bodies as a result of their falling into the "money bags";
3) and no direct feedback between citizens and their representatives. Using the election
single national electoral district can not respect and protect the interests of citizens, adjusted for regional specificity. Lack of representation of the principle of representative areas destroys the function of central government, as voters in Ukraine identify themselves primarily with the region's own residence.
There is another disadvantage of the proportional electoral system with a "closed" lists, and 3% pervious barrier that is that due to the large number of parliamentary players (in Parliament at this time there are 5 political groups) after the President constitutional reform in 2004 appears quite difficult to maintain constant in parliament (which confirms the experience of Yushchenko's presidency). So, before new president face a dilemma: either he agrees to a compromise coalition (as a compromise prime minister and ministers of government), or created anti-presidential coalition. Accordingly, due to the electoral system to create such a configuration parliamentary players that would not disturb the president fulfill its election program. Achieve this is possible because (for example, as was done in Russia) increased threshold, which is especially relative to the actual blocks - it will encourage party building. Alternatively
reforming the electoral system can provide a proportional system with "open" regional lists. Implementation of the system will increase the proportional component of the Parliament, will improve the structure separation of powers, enhance the representativeness of the social political system. Regional lists geographically join voters and their representatives. At the same time they do not concentrate solely on the last territorial interests at the expense of national (as was typical of the majority electees deputies). Strengthening communication between parties and voters will create a foundation for political crisis and stabilize the party and electoral system in Ukraine.
The existing electoral system leads to the weakness of institutions for representative democracy, the low efficiency of the parliament, the existence of the structure MPs problems of regional and social imbalances of political representation. The output of such a situation may strengthen the institutions державної влади та посилення основ парламентаризму (при ефективній роботі парламенту). Світова практика показує, що найефективнішим методом зміцнення the role of parliament, raising the adopted laws, elimination of regional imbalances, fighting political corruption is a reproduction of the bicameral (Bicameral) structure. Thus, the lower house could do legislative work, and the top - to consider strategic issues. Highlights for the country decisions were made to both houses.
undoubted advantage of bicameralism is that the upper house is the deterrent to a sort of "democratic extremism "of the lower house of parliament. Due to the structure of the upper chamber postiynishiy relative to the bottom, it also provides political stability. Longer process of passing bills through the upper house ensures compliance with the constitutional foundations of society. But the most important effect introduction of bicameralism in Ukrainian practice would be the leveling of the "split" of Voters of Ukraine thanks to fuller representation of regional interests in the Upper House.
Conclusions and suggestions
election program execution is possible under conditions of affiliation of the President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovich the majority in Parliament (and therefore, the prime minister) to one political party (or coalition) with a clear position in the political and economic issues. Create a pro-coalition today is possible but only through the software or "portfolio" concessions. Accordingly, the cabinet, person and the Prime Minister found a compromise figure that narrow window of opportunity the president.
outline possible options for the president. The abolition of the constitutional reform in 2004 is unlikely, because the required constitutional majority in parliament. Early parliamentary elections Reformat parliament, under present rules of the game also does not give the president the desired result, as the need arises with the new coalition political players who get into parliament. So, again, Prime Minister may be a compromise figure. President must establish a of possible actions that would allow him to get parliament to maintain the following (or early) parliamentary elections.
Firstly - is raising the election barrier for parties that will reduce the number of parliamentary players. The new situation in parliament allows the president to get a majority in parliament and form his (or less compromise) government. This innovation also distorts centrifugal tendencies in parties and blocs.
Second - is the introduction second (upper) chamber of the parliament, which will allow the president, even blocking of the lower chamber at the top to make some laws and make budget.
Proposals for reforming the electoral system in Ukraine
1. Set differentiated electoral threshold for political parties and electoral blocks (that stimulates the party building and help create a pro-president majority). Yes, it would be to raise the threshold for political parties and 4% (as in 2002) or even 5%. Would have to raise no less than 5% threshold for electoral blocs consisting of no more than three parties to the enhancement of 1% for each additional party in the electoral unit.
2. Introduce a bicameral structure of parliament, which will strengthen the role of Parliament with a more the representative of regional representatives. Implement a majoritarian system of elections to the upper chamber. Also enter the upper chamber will reduce the number of deputies of the Verkhovna Rada. Thus, the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) would consist of 250-300 members elected for four years. The upper house (Senate) would consist of 81-96 senators (by various methods of election), elected for six years, three from each territorial unit (ARC, each region of Kyiv and Sevastopol). Apply constant practice of rotation of the upper chamber (sector rotation thirds of the Senate every 2 years), which will create the political consciousness of the political players feeling "of regular elections and will increase the political responsibility to the electorate.
3. Implement a nationwide system of regional voting lists for the lower house that stimulates party to approach to the Lists, reinforce their attention to the representation of regions and serve as the improvement of personnel policy parties on the ground.
4. Introduce preferential voting procedure ("open" party lists) with the decreased magnitude of the electoral district, that will increase the proportional component of deputies and social representativeness of the political system.
5. Introduce majoritarian system for elections to local governments, which will broaden the impact of voters in the composition of local councils, enhance communication between voters and local MPs, the reduction of the politicization of local government.
6. Take out the provisions of election laws in a separate "Code of electoral law of Ukraine ", which further minimizes interference in Ukraine's Constitution and make an independent domestic election laws state direction Creation of the Legislation.
Saturday, April 10, 2010
Scooter Wheel Lights -razor
Polska tragedy
I probably will not find words to describe what happened ...
I can just say a lot of families in Ukraine to be in front slozmy watch the news of this tragedy.
this has in recent history was not, not even in world history ...
hope our television channels put off show all show and will show today only Poland.
... at least if I was president, he would have given such an order ... I think part of the celebrations should be postponed dedicated to Victory Day and dedicate the day mourning.
most complete description I found on the RFE
http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2008305.html
Poland found itself in an emergency situation - on the road to mark the victims of Stalinist repression was killed in Katyn Head of State Lech Kaczynski. Besides the president and his wife on board were almost all members of the Presidential Administration, Head of General Staff of Polish Armed Forces, leading officers and generals of the Polish army representatives of political and social organizations, two vice-Marshalok Sejm, Sejm deputies and the Senate, Members of Parliament, Chairman of the National Bank of Poland, director of the Institute National Memory, the clergy of Christian denominations and representatives of the descendants of families of Polish officers shot in Katynni, former president Poland in exile.
In place of the crash
on board the plane TU-154 was together, according to Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland 88 people. No one survived the crash did not.
Honoring victims Stalin, whose members were to be the first person in Poland, became a funeral prayer for Lech Kaczynski, his wife Mary and Polish politicians, who died near Smolensk.
Premier Donald Tusk called an urgent meeting of the Polish government.
Polish correspondents reported that at the crash site in the early hours of unprecedented chaos reigned, Russian law enforcement officers were selected in media communications.
Lech Kaczynski
in Katyn again lost the flower of Polish intellectuals, commentators stress.
Prime Minister Donald Tusk when they learned about the crash burst into tears, told Foreign Minister of Poland Radoslaw Sikorski.
According to the Polish constitution the president in an emergency situation takes its plechі Marshalok Diet Bronіslav Komorovsky.
I probably will not find words to describe what happened ...
I can just say a lot of families in Ukraine to be in front slozmy watch the news of this tragedy.
this has in recent history was not, not even in world history ...
hope our television channels put off show all show and will show today only Poland.
... at least if I was president, he would have given such an order ... I think part of the celebrations should be postponed dedicated to Victory Day and dedicate the day mourning.
most complete description I found on the RFE
http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/2008305.html
Poland found itself in an emergency situation - on the road to mark the victims of Stalinist repression was killed in Katyn Head of State Lech Kaczynski. Besides the president and his wife on board were almost all members of the Presidential Administration, Head of General Staff of Polish Armed Forces, leading officers and generals of the Polish army representatives of political and social organizations, two vice-Marshalok Sejm, Sejm deputies and the Senate, Members of Parliament, Chairman of the National Bank of Poland, director of the Institute National Memory, the clergy of Christian denominations and representatives of the descendants of families of Polish officers shot in Katynni, former president Poland in exile.
In place of the crash
on board the plane TU-154 was together, according to Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland 88 people. No one survived the crash did not.
Honoring victims Stalin, whose members were to be the first person in Poland, became a funeral prayer for Lech Kaczynski, his wife Mary and Polish politicians, who died near Smolensk.
Premier Donald Tusk called an urgent meeting of the Polish government.
Polish correspondents reported that at the crash site in the early hours of unprecedented chaos reigned, Russian law enforcement officers were selected in media communications.
Lech Kaczynski
in Katyn again lost the flower of Polish intellectuals, commentators stress.
Prime Minister Donald Tusk when they learned about the crash burst into tears, told Foreign Minister of Poland Radoslaw Sikorski.
According to the Polish constitution the president in an emergency situation takes its plechі Marshalok Diet Bronіslav Komorovsky.
Tuesday, April 6, 2010
Ican Camcorder Battery
Thoughts of war.
Sometimes I am overwhelmed
Sometimes I am overwhelmed
see around and I feel so of everything. I sit on the train, I look around and I almost want to break from all the garbage that surrounds me, I have to endure and which I sometimes do not even put them into my life.
to do too much in too little time, but probably only because I'm just too much refined and eventually do not know whether I'm coming or going. I escape into the world of fantasies in which I can not reach and moral obligations, but at some point this little perfect world crumbles, which I had built up so hard. The Arch, which holds the blanket has deep cracks and slowly chunks falling from the walls because the reality knocks on the other side and it requires their attention.
And before I know it, blink and I find myself in the chaos of duty consciousness and reality again, which at times threatened to crush me. Sometimes my thoughts are so confused that I can not even take the first, could not join them in words or through gestures and expressions.
It is so difficult.
Everywhere I see this lack of expression in the eyes of the people what I encounter day in and day out. Creatures without will pursue what they want to do and perhaps would not have been so much yet to terms with what they have done for years before her, without realizing that their lives may be more should do, or could.
There are billions of people, billions of dreams, billions of paths, billions of good and evil thoughts. But how many of these dreams actually be implemented? How many people are actually happy?
I will not end this way. I do not want to have to wake up one day, staring at the ceiling, and me thinking that I've wasted my life, and never reached that performed myself.
I will not have to run with a broken view of the city, I put up with, that I do every day, just because I squandered my chances.
And yet ..
Although I am confident in such a way that I carry so much strength in me that I could bring all this done with ease, then I will hang myself yet and do not know where that power hidden, which I for years could fall back, when I woke up and did not know for what reason should I get up yet. Although I now have
reasons, certainly, but I lack the motivation to rouse myself and finally move forward. I often have short rising, say goodbye but after a short time or a smaller setbacks again. Me derail such as sand, which runs through my fingers and I am not able to stop him.
darkness envelops my thoughts. At least a lot lately and I really rarely succeeds, to drive them. Only if I willfully distracted by compulsive actions, they disappear for a short time, but come back and I fall into a little lethargic. Man is his own worst enemy and often it seems to me like I would want to convince myself obsessively that I would achieve nothing in my life.
Although I have certainly already achieved a lot, which I could be proud of. But to see the falls, very difficult for me.
Only after you have lost everything, you're free to do anything. This set contains so much in itself, which I feel is true. Would be no duties, no Morality, nothing that would stop a do, just do what you want. Would not that be true L (l) of the same?
I clearly need more sunshine in my life.
And this statement is not based on the weather.
Life is in truth but the purest Gedankenkotze.
Mind Fuck.
Friday, February 26, 2010
Flatsceen Tv Is There A Good 26 Inch
Alas vesenney League GMC junior will not be (((
about competitions Global Management Challenge Junior
essence of competition
Global Management Challenge Junior! - First Student Championships on strategic management, which involved 1,024 teams from more than 235 universities of the country.
championship participants: students 3 - 5 courses of universities in Ukraine.
team - it's Board of Directors a large manufacturing company. You - one of them (the director of marketing, sales director, production director, personnel director, financial Director).
task team to study the history of your company (case studies of competition), to analyze the financial condition and available production power, market position and its potential for development.
Based on this analysis, you need to develop and implement a strategy for the company to its successful development and maximize the value of the stock price.
Be worth to remember that success depends not only on your custom business - ideas, but also the ability to anticipate actions by competitors, to predict the purchasing power of a clear plan for the company and win, regardless of political situation in the country of natural phenomena and human factors.
Stiff competition and the struggle for the consumer not only Tempering you and help feel the reality of this business, but also help you get the experience of the manager of a large company, a player on the international market, which is equal to several years of work in real business.
description of the stages of competition:
1. 05/03 students form a team
2. The main venue of the competition is the competition site www.gmc.in.ua.
3. The competition consists of three rounds (1,2,3 tour - a mode on-line, 4-th round - requires physical presence).
4. The competition is held on the Olympic system. Method drawing commands are divided into groups (8 teams in each group), thus forming the team competitive market.
5. At the end of the first round in second place 4 teams from the group, the value of shares which in their group was the highest. At the end of the second and third round to the next round is a team from a group that has a maximum value of the shares of his company in the group.
6. Each team is a virtual board of directors of the company's role in the team distributed by the participants.
7. Teams simultaneously receive the rules for participation, as well as the history of the company for 5 blocks. Company history is an dataset from the management report: production volumes, product prices, markets, manufacturing capacity, inventory, marketing costs and working with distributors, personnel costs, investments in innovation, information about competitors and others
8. At the start, all teams have the same source data.
9. Task team to develop a long-term development strategy for their virtual company and get the maximum value of shares.
10. Data makes the leader team, according to the approved calendar of competitions.
11. The solutions obtained commands simultaneously processed by a computer program that takes into account all the factors that influence the behavior of the real market, including competition between the teams in real time.
12. The winner is the team, the company which has a maximum value of shares virtual company
Prizes Contest
Participation in the project enables:
• Get a unique experience control a large company
• feel the realities of competition in business
• Apply their knowledge into practice and gain new
• Decide in professional choice
• Meet with top - managers and owners of large companies of Ukraine
• Get prospective job
All championship participants will receive certificates of participation «GMC Junior League Spring 2010."
about competitions Global Management Challenge Junior
essence of competition
Global Management Challenge Junior! - First Student Championships on strategic management, which involved 1,024 teams from more than 235 universities of the country.
championship participants: students 3 - 5 courses of universities in Ukraine.
team - it's Board of Directors a large manufacturing company. You - one of them (the director of marketing, sales director, production director, personnel director, financial Director).
task team to study the history of your company (case studies of competition), to analyze the financial condition and available production power, market position and its potential for development.
Based on this analysis, you need to develop and implement a strategy for the company to its successful development and maximize the value of the stock price.
Be worth to remember that success depends not only on your custom business - ideas, but also the ability to anticipate actions by competitors, to predict the purchasing power of a clear plan for the company and win, regardless of political situation in the country of natural phenomena and human factors.
Stiff competition and the struggle for the consumer not only Tempering you and help feel the reality of this business, but also help you get the experience of the manager of a large company, a player on the international market, which is equal to several years of work in real business.
description of the stages of competition:
1. 05/03 students form a team
2. The main venue of the competition is the competition site www.gmc.in.ua.
3. The competition consists of three rounds (1,2,3 tour - a mode on-line, 4-th round - requires physical presence).
4. The competition is held on the Olympic system. Method drawing commands are divided into groups (8 teams in each group), thus forming the team competitive market.
5. At the end of the first round in second place 4 teams from the group, the value of shares which in their group was the highest. At the end of the second and third round to the next round is a team from a group that has a maximum value of the shares of his company in the group.
6. Each team is a virtual board of directors of the company's role in the team distributed by the participants.
7. Teams simultaneously receive the rules for participation, as well as the history of the company for 5 blocks. Company history is an dataset from the management report: production volumes, product prices, markets, manufacturing capacity, inventory, marketing costs and working with distributors, personnel costs, investments in innovation, information about competitors and others
8. At the start, all teams have the same source data.
9. Task team to develop a long-term development strategy for their virtual company and get the maximum value of shares.
10. Data makes the leader team, according to the approved calendar of competitions.
11. The solutions obtained commands simultaneously processed by a computer program that takes into account all the factors that influence the behavior of the real market, including competition between the teams in real time.
12. The winner is the team, the company which has a maximum value of shares virtual company
Prizes Contest
Participation in the project enables:
• Get a unique experience control a large company
• feel the realities of competition in business
• Apply their knowledge into practice and gain new
• Decide in professional choice
• Meet with top - managers and owners of large companies of Ukraine
• Get prospective job
All championship participants will receive certificates of participation «GMC Junior League Spring 2010."
Saturday, January 23, 2010
Tanning Before And After Vacation
tears
Why do we cry when people leave us? Loved ones. Our heart weeps and hurts, tears, make their way through the skin and leave marks, and fall to the floor pass.
past and forgotten.
Hath not every fear, be forgotten?
If tears symbolism that you will never forget?
A certain helplessness and despair serves the spreads. overcome the death wish is probably one of the power-consuming and pointless tasks one could imagine. People come and go.
, Such is life. "
Yes, I suppose this is so. But why is it still so difficult to accept when people who were important to a [not more important than you, because you should be yourself always important;] leave us? Why do we cry
a fact that does not change can?
Why will the human race with its existence and does not attempt to Do to control everything, changed to control .. to fight?
"You are not a beautiful and unique snowflake. You are the same decaying organic matter as everyone else, and we are all part of the same compost pile. ~ Chuck Palahniuk, Fight Club , Chapter 17 "
How true.
In truth we are only part of the same large manure pile, which is called the universe.
Why should it play a role in the fate [paradox: Those who believe in it?] one happens and whether you can change it?
The answer is simple: because it gives people some peace of mind when they think they are something special.
But at least if they crumble to ashes and earth, does not matter anymore.
And yet we strive for perfection.
, Perfection is only a word and dun rly exists. '[Mindfuck ©]
have partially forgotten how I understand human action. I question much of what was once so clear and I am not in a position to understand.
Mindfuck
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