Introduction
world economic structure is a complex set of functional, sectoral and regional-territorial areas that form a single organic mehasystemu with extremely complex interconnections and branching. At the turn of the second and third centuries the world economy becomes increasingly integrated, global, integrated business system. Functional mehasystemy elements of this are the scientific and technical field, production and investment activity, international trafficking area (world trade), finances credit and international relations.
greatest value in the process of the developed economies, becomes a man. First of all, as the person from whom Sustainable development depends on the level of functional elements in the economic system.
try to understand how certain factors influence the redistribution and utilization of manpower in the global economy.
find out the main trends and directions and try to indicate some ways of overcoming crisis events in Ukraine and abroad for some of the most globalized industries.
1. Man as a foundation production .
Man economics as the basis of (homo oconomicus) Millennium characterized by two main features. On the one hand - is the sovereign owner of his labor which materialized in the form of ownership (state, collective, private, individual, etc..) is taking the dominant position. On the other hand, using different forms in terms of democratization of public life, increase its degree of openness, it owns, manages and uses the means of production, involved in managing and allocating resources.
information greatly increases the capacity of labor, the main content of which is generating new information.
Creating information systems comparable to construction of railways and communications at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution.
One feature economic model of the XXI century. is that its formation is carried out in a technological revolution which are the following:
significant decrease cost and improve product quality;
rapid enhancement of systems of machines and processes (such as updating microelectronic components in Japan, every two to three months);
social and political acceptance of new technological systems;
meet economic environment properties of new technical systems;
- heavily influenced by the innovations to the whole economic system.
Third Industrial Revolution is to change the era that affected the scale removal effect of a standardized, large-mass production. Here it comes to the effect of diversified, individualized production (Engel law), which builds on the achievements of modern marketing and features and information of high technologization .
2. The aspect of the use and division of labor.
The materials and documents, statistical services of different countries in the analysis and planning of human resources used terms like "population", "human resources", "economically active population (engaged in manufacturing and unallocated), "disabled people". Category "human resources" is not quite clear definition as compared from "population". Under Human Resources understands the population that has attained the desired physical development, mental abilities and knowledge to work in the national economy. Recently, the literature often the term "human capital" (Human capital), which from the human resources selects the most part prepared to participate in the modern workplace. Scale characterizing the potential human resources mass utilization of labor, or "Stock" of labor, which owns the society to meet their needs. Economically active population is of working age population, busy socially useful work, which gives her the income needed to play herself. The structure of the economically active population includes persons hired Labor, business owners, family members, helping entrepreneurs. The share of economically active population depends on the workforce throughout the population, and the degree of employment of certain age groups. The term "economically active population" is used in the international system of concepts, but in many Statistical countries it is not clearly defined. Sometimes in economic journals "economically active population" (economicaly active population) and "labor" (labour force) are used as synonyms and often identified with the human resources that somewhat complicates statistical analysis of these concepts.
3. Statistics industrialized International
Statistics of the industrialized countries include the economically active population of citizens aged 15 years, while in developing countries, - From 12 - 14 years, and in some African countries - even with six years of age. This part of the population in industrialized countries is just over 45% in countries developing this index on average slightly less than 40%. In 2000 the entire population of earth has reached approximately 6.2 billion people, including the economically active population concentrated mainly in third world countries (about 1.9 billion people), and in industrialized countries as a result of aging population this share is declining. At the end of 80's - early 90's in the fields of material production around the world were employed 1.36 billion, of which 140 million - in the industrialized Western countries, 650 million - in developing countries. In the United States worked in this area 37 million, Western Europe - 66 million and in Japan - 26 million people.
In the last decade demographic situation in the West, and in some states of the CIS, including Ukraine, is characterized by a disturbing trend. The point is that in some countries or population increases slowly or not growing at all. The urban population of Ukraine, according to the census of 2001. was 32 million 574 thousand people, or 67.2%, agriculture - 15 million 883 thousand people or 32,8%. Compared to the year 1989 the urban population decreased by 2.0 million, agriculture - by 1,2 million people, but the ratio between them across the country over the last two censuses has remained virtually unchanged.. This decrease is the result of both natural and migratory movements population. In addition, visible and so dangerous trend - increasing number of "mini-families, ie families consisting of one person (France - one leader). In industrialized countries the U.S. - the only state where the population steadily growing, not only due to natural growth, but also in result of the influx of immigrants, who at the end of 80 years averaged 600 thousand people a year. The highest rates of population growth (natural) observed in third world countries. Rapid population growth in developing countries, while maintaining his "rejuvenated" age structure (nearly 34% people aged under 15) forces the scale of human resources. This leads to the necessity of creating new jobs to eliminate partial or total unemployment (in the years to create nearly 1 billion jobs). Billing Experts International Labour Organization (ILO) show that meet the needs of employment and elimination of unemployment by 2025 on the planet should annually add 50 million jobs, including 40 million - in countries developing countries. But such estimates do not give grounds for optimism as to make it nearly impossible for many reasons, one of which is STC.
4. The influence of information age the use of labor resources.
International scientific-technical relations are expressed most concentrated in shaping the global technology market, "know-how, patents and licenses, engineering and information services. According to the initial tendencies world economic development in modern conditions dramatically increases the value of scientific and technical components of economic growth as factors dynamization and qualitative improvement of production. Thus, the volume of scientific activity doubles approximately every 10 - 15 years and the number of researchers, according to UNESCO, in 50 years grew nearly four times faster than total population, doubling in the developed countries in 7 - 10 years. Doubling number of applications for scientific discoveries and inventions occurs on average every 2.5 - 3 years. The projections in the next century in research work will deal with about 20% of the working population. On this basis posylyuvatymutsya intellectualization processes of production and labor, increase efficiency use of all resources.
There are three main stages of development in international technical exchange and formation of international innovation market. In the first stage (late XIX - mid XX century.) Began to cover the scope of internationalization of production, science and technology, created by transnational corporations (TNCs). The main form of technology transfer in this period were the direct investment of multinationals in developing countries and colonies.
second stage (50 and 70 years) is characterized further deepening of international division of labor intensive development of interstate cooperation to specialization and production at the level of companies and enterprises. Sharp increases the activity of TNCs, their number is growing, production and sales and compliance - the role in national and global economy. Varies nature and geography of foreign investment and international technology exchange. They begin to focus mainly on developed countries.
At the end of 70 years (third phase) international division of labor (WFP) is complicated, it is increasingly operate and covering peredvyrobnychu, scientific and technical sphere.
In 1994, the overall pace of economic growth in developing countries, close to 6%, which is three times more than in the U.S., Japan or Western Europe.
This phenomenon has captured large areas of the Third World, especially South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and Singapore, whose economic growth rate reached double digits figures for 80 years. Later this process has encompassed several Latin American countries and India.
Since 70 years, many developing countries, nahromadzhuvaly human capital much faster than the time their growing population. In 1970 these countries accounted for less than one third of university graduates institutions in the world. In the late 80's they could boast more than half of graduates.
Many such countries are ahead of traditional rivals in science, technology and software. In particular, Mexico is preparing as many scientists and engineers as France. South Korea produces such highly professionals more than any European country except Germany. India and China (each separately) have more scientists and engineers than France and Germany together. Almost 2 / 5 theses to obtain degrees from technical disciplines in the United States to protect students from developing countries, mainly from Asia.
result growth of the intellectual elite "Third World" steadily gaining positions in advanced industries such as, say, semiconductors. Costs Semiconductor plant in operation in East Asia with its great deals on labor and progressive business about five times lower than in Japan and the U.S., and nearly a third - than in Europe.
India, where twice as many software engineers than in Japan and in Germany, has created a growing software industry, employing more than 300 thousand people. Companies with headquarters in India are developing computer programs, chips, and specifications for the computers of several leading American firms.
greatest influence in this area makes East Asia. Countries in this region boast higher levels of literacy than the U.S.. South Korea, which in 1960 was at the Sub-Saharan Africa is projected to be outrun. England in terms of GNP.
For 80 years, American exports to Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong increased by 160%. These three "Chinese mini-state" is now more market for the U.S. than any European country.
In this regard, Ukraine today is not the best of times. The crisis that Ukraine has suffered from her early 90's years has meant that considerable technological and scientific potential of state used nearly. Moreover, the annual scientific areas in Ukraine leave 30 thousands of scientists and specialists. Only 1% of industrial enterprises of Ukraine was engaged in development of new technologies.
Thus, the transformation of information in economic life led to the interpenetration of the two major social and economic processes - the industrialization of science and information society which created important conditions for forming and implementing a new model of economic development and society, becoming post-industrial civilization.
This reflects both the growth of information services in industrialized countries and the number employed in this field. The U.S. share busy processing data in 80-years was 45% of all employed workers. According to 60% in 2000 and is now growing rapidly. In Japan, development of information sector goes faster.
5. Overview of human resources for example, specific sectors.
5.1. Travel industry as one of the largest areas of the global economy
In the twentieth century was this tourist revolution which, according to Secretary General of the World Tourism Organization (WTO) Francesco Frangialli visited, "it is equally creative and important as the industrial revolution that began two centuries earlier. The real explosion of tourism in the world led to three main factors: the growing purchasing power and, in particular, discretionary income for families of More and middle class; pobilshannya free time due to regulation by the social legislation in favor of workers; widespread private vehicles and the emergence of cheap flights.
Due to rapid growth rates, late twentieth century has become a tourist industry if not the largest branch of the global economy, without doubt, one of them. This shows that the share of tourism accounts for about 12% of world GDP, over 30% of service of world trade and 11% of global consumer spending, 7% of total investment and 5% of all tax revenues. Today, directly in the provision of tourism busy every tenth employee (over 260 million workers). But travelers also provide services such key areas as transport, communications, construction, agriculture, consumer goods, retail (as a result of investigations carried out: one service foreign tourists in the country guarantees the aggregate nine permanent and temporary jobs).
such results achieved through sustainable tourism and continuous development throughout the second half of the twentieth century. If in 1950 the world's international travel carried 25 million inhabitants, in 2000 this figure reached almost 700 million Although the events of 2001-2004, which occurred in different parts of the world a little vpovilnyly growth of quantitative indicators, tourism and further developing extremely dynamic. Thus, the WTO forecasts, it is expected that in 2010 international travels will carry out over billion people. And if we add to this the travel and tours, we find that over one third of the planet is in the status of tourists. According to WTO, the profits from tourism in 2003 reached a record indicators - 523 billion. USA.
That tourism is often the catalyst that causes as the active development of individual sectors of the economy and socio-economic development of entire countries. All this testifies: tourist industry thanks to its significant impact on economic and social development, is regulated by the state and be under the watchful supervision of the public. World practice shows: the efficiency of state regulation of tourism largely depends on availability central executive body to supervise its development challenges. In most European countries this structure is part of the economic bloc.
probably no need to argue that the tourist infrastructure - one of the most difficult. It covers such industries as Railway road, sea and river transport, cultural, recreational facilities, sports facilities, folk crafts and more. Hard work on the development of tourism can only succeed in jointly involved in his ministries and departments. As emphasized in the Hague Declaration on Tourism (1989), requires that "tourism was part of a comprehensive plan for development along with other priority sectors: agriculture, industry, health, welfare, education, etc... "
In my opinion, the new executive body in the field of tourism are sharp any issues with other agencies should aggressively and professionally addressed at the governmental level, namely:
- get to the National Tourism Council, which worked sporadically in the past, with the participation of interested ministries and agencies carried out the implementation of daily tasks industry;
- at the state level to determine the prospects of development of resort areas (lack of master plans in most resorts and recreational areas are more difficult to work with potential investors. Obviously need to develop the State Program of development of resorts);
- increase funding for industry development at state and regional levels. If in 2003 the state budget for this purpose was spent 22.04 million USD. and in 2004 -15.15 million., then in 2005 the needs of the sector budget allocated just 6.06 million.;
- a mechanism to create favorable conditions for attracting investments aimed primarily at new construction and rehabilitation of existing tourist facilities and recreation areas contribute to simplifying approval procedures of investment projects;
- adopt a comprehensive solution for the allocation of land for building hotels and other objects of tourist infrastructure. For such construction should be actively involved especially our national investment opportunities, and while that state of affairs in this matter - just the same pathetic;
- implement measures for the development of mass domestic tourism - especially of tourism - as a factor in quality of life of citizens of Ukraine;
- to build tourism infrastructure in areas of national network of transport corridors and to create security of tourists;
- continue to expand operations in Ukraine International Hotel networks to support business initiatives aimed at creating the country's hotel network in economy class;
.2 industry in a market economy
market economy based on other principles - free movement of capital, labor and other resources from unfavorable to favorable areas, which definitely contributes to economic development. And favorableness lies in assessing the conditions for business, not in a living population.
recently flashed in the media about the intentions of one of the world famous companies to move manufacturing plant elektrolampochok from Portugal to Poland. Quite simply, wage in Poland is twice less. No matter how it sounded cynical, but more unemployment in one region, it is favorable for entrepreneurship. Well, of course, Portuguese suffer from this, but the problem of job creation in Poland at least partially resolved. That is not a plus, but did so in the case. However, those alignment is achieved and supportive environment has not only businesses but also for the people. Due to lower labor costs will increase competitiveness product and will create preconditions for the reduction (or at least nepidvyschennya) prices. Thus, the wins and the consumer, including that which resides in adverse conditions.
As part of the cost of labor Ukraine has favorable conditions. So why capital moves slowly east, stops before the border of Ukraine, Blood seems to limit? After all, labor surplus is huge. And those shots that can fill up the whole world not only elektrolampochkamy and what anything. And in the east? Reform of the coal industry will inevitably lead to the occurrence huge mass of unemployed.
absence of a functioning labor market limits the release of miners. Retraining programs miners would be ineffective, not knowing that professionals need to market and because of the low level of education of miners.
However, not having a power, it is impossible to say exactly how many miners and when he is released. Coming years, Ukraine needs to substantially increase productivity in the coal industry. Over a million tons of coal production a year is 6000 Ukrainian miners. While in the U.S. as much coal per year produce 300 miners in Western Europe - 1200 miners in Poland - 3000. Mass layoffs of miners are inevitable. Third mines issue on-mountain 3-4% of Ukrainian coal. But close them - is to deprive of some 300 thousand people, of whom 100 thousand miners actually.
Absence functioning labor market limits the release of miners. Retraining programs miners would be ineffective, not knowing that experts need in the market and because of the low level of education of miners.
The government has four choices regarding zvilnyuvanyh miners: mass unemployment, providing retired miners access to cheap loans and grants, transfer of workers at closed mines operating, redistribution of labor resources.
5.3 Investing trudoyemnyh industries
interest to investors to raise capital investments primarily for such industries of Ukraine, as food Industry - 775.5 million dollars (20,1% of total), domestic trade - 727 800 000 (18,8%), Italy and Denmark - 347 600 000 (9,0%), finance , credit, insurance - 248.1 million (6.4%), fuel industry - 227.0 million dollars (5,9%).
Foreign investments ensure the implementation of investment projects in all regions our country. At the highest amount being incurred in Kiev - to 1309.1 (33.9%) million, Kiev - 340 800 000 (8,8%), Donetsk - 305.3 million (7.9% ), Zaporozhye - 221.0 million (5,7%), Odessa - 214,2 million (5.5%), Nicholas - 207,6 million dollars (5,4%) regions.
Investments allow to expand production, which in turn increases jobs.
6. Analysis of mechanisms regulating economic life.
The current situation is characterized by a global transformation all countries to a new qualitative state, a new type of civilization of the third millennium. Addressing these urgent challenges at different levels and in various spheres of society. World problems are discussed, studied and resolved to some extent in the United Nations and its agencies, regional issues - within the current integration associations, the economy of certain countries - and other government agencies, research institutions. With such a large variety of outstanding significance is attached to scientific generalization, a synthesis of existing theories and concepts and their adaptation to the needs and realities of the economy Ukraine.
Since the objective necessity requires a gradual but steady economic inclusion of Ukraine into the international division of labor (WFP), the world integration processes should take into account all weekend, defining conditions that the global economic system.
First, world economic system has increasingly become a global integrity, in which increasing interdependence of national economies on the basis of deepening transnationalization of production and circulation, the whole of economic life.
Second, increasing the intensity of regional integration processes leads on the one hand, to the emergence of large economic spaces and removing the corresponding effect due to the increase in production, on the other - To the global market segmentation, to sektoryzatsiyi single global economy through a relatively closed trading blocs and economic integration groups.
Thirdly, the global economy as the international economic system characterized by cyclical development, which affects the dynamics, growth and the proportion of economic progress of individual countries as its elements and links.
Fourth, the dominant factors and global and national economic development have become intellectually and information components that receive a powerful stimulus because of scientific and technological revolution.
Fifth, gradually changing the economic basis of modern civilization. Industrial development model being replaced by post-industrial, noosphere-space paradigm essence of which is determined by priority of knowledge, human capital formation "of the economy of mind", "economy of thought" broad human resource utilization neighbor adjacent space.
review, consolidate and highlight the experience of foreign countries in solving extremely complex problems of economic Development in the contemporary conditions and possibilities of its application in the process of radical economic reforms in Ukraine and its formation of a new economy - Main task group of authors proposed textbook.
business behavior of the global community demonstrates that improved economic relations, development issues requiring the multistage approach, based on a broad account of general civilization patterns, regional and national circumstances, historical and genetic and ethnic factors, geographic, psychological and other factors.
Mechanisms of regulation of economic life is multi branched building, which serves as the foundation of the modern market with inherent attributes: private property, competition, free enterprise, initiative, the legislation that governs all complex economic and social and labor relations. Thus, the market system is the leading, dominant in the modern highly developed economy. It provides a steady increase in productivity of public labor savings comprehensive variety of resources, motivation and quality work. Experience shows that the highest returns is systematically organized and actively functioning set of markets: goods and services, capital and labor, securities and money, housing and technology, land, etc.. However, historical practice indicates the limitations of purely market-based regulation of economic processes, nevypravdanist absolutization principle of "Laisser-faire" (Fr. - do not disturb). Refusal market offset by government regulation of macroeconomic processes. The role of institutional infrastructure, particularly its market components as banking, credit and financial system, currency regulation.
is critical on modern economic forms, where optimization achieved as a result of conflicting social interaction and division of labor cooperation, development of engineering and technology, organization and production management. Impressive economic results achieved country, creating economic forms that flexibly combine common civilization, global heritage features of its own economy based on the fullest realization of his inherent objective of comparative and competitive advantages. In the final up such an approach provides the main principle of economic philosophy - the best use of relatively limited economic Resources
Conclusions
use of labor resources in the current development of human society shows coherent technologization and informatization and builds on the achievements of modern marketing.
scale characterizing the potential labor force weight living labor (labor) owned by the society to meet their needs. Economically active population - is part of the working population employed socially useful work, which gives her the income needed to play herself.
According to the defining trends of world economic Development of modern conditions dramatically increases the value of scientific and technical components of economic growth as factors dynamization and quality improvement production. The projections in this century research work will deal with about 20% of the working population. On this basis posylyuvatymutsya intellectualization processes of production and labor, increase efficiency of all resources, because their stocks are exhausted.
In his essay I touched upon issues of manpower, only two industries: tourism and mining industries. Although they are not fully reflect all existing picture of the distribution and utilization of labor resources, but is most urgent for Ukraine. As for the holistic aspect of human resources in the world economy, they are mnoyi general data and specifications, allow to cover the issue in general. Generally caused by the growth of productive forces, increasing level of socialization, the process of international division of labor improves the interaction of national economies, the gradual economic their integration. This leads to labor migration. For example, European Union, immigrants now make a few, problems. However, if we take the example Germany, one can say that immigrants bring more state revenue than their own labor.
But Ukraine, unfortunately vidstoronylas of global trends and processes. We developed countries away from a huge abyss. A look at trends in exports then becomes the raw material supplier. With low wages, and hence life in general. Of course, much depends on power. And once But time has come and Ukrainian has to feel proud for being a citizen of their country and begin to build their future. After all, great things begin with small steps.
mass migration abroad - the diagnosis for the state. When millions of able-bodied citizens leaving the country, hit the search naymytuvaty daily bread in and abroad. Of course, it is important through international treaties and agreements to protect the social rights of citizens in exile. But far more important to a decent life in their own country. True, this banal ...
However, as the wise old Nietzsche when society forgets commonplace, then immediately befalls some trouble ...
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